Getting electrical signals from point A to point B is pretty standard thing...Put a piece of copper wire between A and B and the job is done. A century of development has left us with increased specialization in wiring, connection devices, and everything in between point A and B. "Mil-Spec" or military specification, has become the buzz-word in motorsport electrical harness construction. Actually motorsport wiring has developed it's own specialized connectors but it's still largely constructed from aerospace components.

Perhaps "Race-Spec" will become the new buzz-word....Probably not with the trillions of dollars spent on drones, F22's, and commercial aircraft.

This is not a definitive guide on building wiring harnesses as this could encompass two wheels, four wheels or no wheels. It does give you a perspective on motorsports ecu wiring and provides access to further literature for you to study and make your own decisions. We build ecu wiring harnesses for our production items and for our own racing activities.


On one end of the scale there is OEM automotive wiring, like on your new passenger vehicle or truck, wherein costs are paramount and warranties are offered, in some cases, bumper to bumper for 100,000 miles. Pictured above is a production passenger car harness in GXL and TXL wires.


These vehicles and their myriad of up to sixty microprocessors, connectors, sensors, relays, and switches are tested for years on end in extremes of temperature, humidity, vibration, and electrical interference. There are no mil-spec metal shell connectors, no airframe tie wrapping or concentric twisting, and no epoxied or glue-shrunk connections...Only plastic connectors and crosslinked polyethylene GXL and TXL multi-strand copper wiring without any silver, tin or nickel plating. Guess what, they work just fine...amid increasing complexity, for years on end. A typical mid-sized car will have about 45-70 lbs of wiring.


One time we scrapped out a 20 year old Honda Civic Wagon and were amazed at how all the wiring was still in perfect shape...Connector seals were still sealed and clean inside and all the grime, water and heat had not caused any failures. Wiring was still flexible and not cracked. OEM specifications and engineering are pretty damn good.

People who say this is inferior are full of shit. This takes sophisticated automated and very expensive machinery and dedicated tooling to pump out six-sigma quality.

In short, automotive grade wiring and connectors have a pretty good track record. Not glamorous, but in business, economics and bean counting it seldom is.

From 1989 to 2019 we manufactured our own RSR Closed Loop Fuel Injection System and made hundreds of wiring harnesses with Deutsch ECU connectors, Weatherpack connectors and TXL/GXL wires. We covered the wires with Varflex fiberglass sheathing...and we had zero problems. Nothing was sealed with epoxy or shrunk into DR-25. They were easy to assemble with no fixtures...just fixed lengths of all runs...no contra twisting

Professional motorsport harnesses have to be completely sealed and essentially watertight employing harness epoxy and Raychem boots...this involves a high level of planning and documentation and is far more labor intensive. Sexy never is easy. Buckle up.



This has evolved from aircraft and military specifications wherein light weight and reliability are paramount. As motorsports evolved into an increasingly more sophisticated and expensive professional endeavor, specific motorsport connectors have evolved which are even lighter and smaller than their aerospace counterparts. These products don't have to meet oem production testing requirements...They just have to be reliable in a racing environment which is not the same as freezing in Siberia or bouncing down rural roads in your F150 pickup for decades.

Sort of serious in a Darth Vader, rubber-fetish way. Bondage and latex in the hell of an engine bay. Above are heat shrink boots sealing circular connectors and the DR-25 heat shrink wire protection.
Everything than can slow you down is the enemy....weight of the wires, weight of the connectors and any kind of outright failure, or worse, intermittent failure, which is harder to isolate. This is why F1 might be using tiny 30 gauge wire or why the new McLaren MP4-12C went to extremes in specifying hexagonal aluminum wire to save both space and weight.

In motorsport electronics Mil-Spec circular connectors are the norm, full of all sorts of trickery like strain reducing service loops and concentric twisting for flexibility and more compact wiring harnesses. Reliability at 30,000 feet or going airborne at the Nurburgring...it's all the same thing...well, sort of the same thing. Mil-Spec...Race-Spec...Autosport.


Service Loop Tools allow a loop to be formed, held, and maintained at your wiring harness connector for strain relief and later servicing or repinning.

"Service Loops" are used on Mil-Spec / Deutsch Autosport circular connectors for wire sizes 16 AWG to 30 AWG. The purpose is to provide strain relief to the wire termination and to provide a surplus length for repair purposes. It is not an aircraft procedure per se and is only used in military and motorsport applications.

Depending on your planning these can go in first or last. The wires have to be loose so doing them as they are installed in the connectors easier with a large number of terminals. In general, it's easier to work from the connector outwards rather than with all the wires bunch up at the connector as shown above...planning all this is a bitch.

If you are working outward from the ECU connector, just leave thewires extra long and cut to length, terminate, and finalize length in place forming service loops at the sensor if necessary . PDF on Service Loops.



Motorsport Wiring Service Loop Tools:

6" ChiaoGoo knitting needles come in packs of five. You can get free shipping and -10% for orders of $30.00. These come in different diameters (2mm to 8mm). Stainless steel with rounded tips. Use these to hold your loops in place. If you want to get tricky, O-Rings sized to grip the needle, can hold them in place so they don't slip out for each row or column.

Smaller diameters (2.5mm) for circular connectors and larger diameters (6mm) for rectangular or square connectors. The sizes are laser-etched on each needle.

On circular connectors it is recommended to start your loops at the center and work outwards if the numbering system runs clockwise or counterclockwise. For rectangular or circular connectors identified in rows, it is recommended to work row by row. Loops should face inwards. Loops must be staggered to minimize any increase in the cable diameter. When looping is complete all loops should face inwards to give a neat appearance and to insure that the wires are not trapped or damaged if an adapter or back fitting is present.

If your connector is already terminated and the wires are shrunk with DR-25 it gets a little more difficult as you will have to press back the connector to bow the wires. You may have to cut back on the harness DR-25 to free up the wires.


All of this is a bit stiff to wrestle with so holding the wiring harness, the connector, and the looping tool at the same time is a bit interesting. Think ahead. A specialized connector fixture (best) or a vise with aluminum jaws can be used to hold the connector.

It is a good idea to wrap an Autosport Connector in Kapton tapes to prevent it being scratched.


The connector above features concentric (twist) wiring, service (strain relief) loops at the connector, lacing cord and Kynar clear shrink to hold the wires tightly together near the connector. Kapton tape will cover the wires and service loops at the connector to protect them from the specialized boots (shapes) and RT125 harness epoxy.

The DR25 can be terminated with a short length of Raychem SCL adhesive lined heat shrink. With the wires covered by DR-25, the SCL, Kapton tape, and the RT125 sealed boot, the  harness will be protected from the environment and from abrasion.

Here flat braided lacing tape is counter-wound to hold the concentric twisted wires in place. Something to think about: Were the service loops put in first or last? Generally first and work outwards. Guideline for concentric twisting.


Here a Deutsch Autosport connector has its Spec 55 wires wrapped in Kapton tape to prevent the adhesive shrink or harness epoxy from grabbing the wires. The tape allows repairs to be made at a later date. Once the adhesive or epoxy sets it really grabs the connector, the DR-25 wire covering, and anything underneath it. Raychem boots are heat shrunk at about 480F (280C).

You use special tips on your heat gun to focus the shrinking of these boots. You can't shrink the boot all at once.Generally you focus on the center and then the ends. By shrinking the mid point you can "cup" the boot and insert the Resintech RT125 epoxy and then shrink that end first...Then finish the other end...Wiping both ends with an alcohol wipe and foam tipped swabs as you go.

There is a video of this using TE Connectivity S1125 epoxy further down the page that shows the steps in this process.



Low Static Kapton adhesive tape is commonly available in 1/4, 3/8" and 1/2" rolls. The silicone adhesive does not leave any residue. It is amber in color. It is also used to protect circular Deutsch Autosport Connectors during the harness assembly process.



Circular connectors, glue shrunk boots, Raychem DR-25 shrunk over concentric wound silver-plated Raychem Spec 55 XLETFE wiring and, of course, the requisite yellow shrink tube labels covered in Raychem RT-375 clear shrink tubing. Cosworth Pectel SQ6M ECU. Mil-Spec evolved into Race-Spec.



In case you doubt the need for epoxy or adhesive-lined terminations, the above picture gives graphic evidence of corrosion traveling down the voids between the strands of copper wires. Since we go to the Bonneville Salt Flats two to three times a year for up to a month, and everything gets bathed in salt, properly sealing the electrical connections is a major concern. Year one OK...year two fix one or two things...year three redo everything. Using adhesive-lined or epoxy-based sealing schemes we can keep corrosion out of our wiring harnesses.

OEM harnesses employ silicone seals on thermoplastic connectors to address these issues. Any gap in the harness can provide a path to internal corrosion.


Sealing boots and shapes that do not have adhesive melt can be done with specialized two part epoxies. Abrading the inner surface and applying the epoxy to the connector and cable before the heat shrinking operation. Epoxy is not applied to the inside of the heat shrink. Here the connector is sealed to the cable using V25 Deray thin wall shrink tube (2:1) and sealed with epoxy.



The preferred epoxy for sealing wiring harnesses is Resintech RT125. It is a two part semi-flexible epoxy that is mixed 50/50. You can purchase RT125 and a 3M applicator mixing gun from Prowire. These are standard 50ml cartridges. Note they have a shelf life. If you are using this in concert with non-adhesive lined boots do not fill the boot up with epoxy or you will have a real mess. Only seal the ends one at a time. Be prepared to do some clean up wiping with a clean cloth and alcohol as the epoxy hardens much later than the adhesive lined boots.

If the entries and exits of the boot are single round diameters then either adhesive lined or non-adhesive lined boots can be used. If non-adhesive then seal the exits with RT125, one exit at a time, wiping the excess off. Syringes are used for more delicate sealing of smaller parts.


Here we have sealed the multiple branches under the Raychem boot with Resintech RT125 and shrunk the boot over the epoxy. It's a good idea to use an additional tie wrap strain relief at the multiple branch point.



3M EX-PLUS-II-APPLICATOR for the Resintech RT125. This makes the application of the epoxy a lot less messy. About $38.00 from Prowire USA... well spent. You throw away the mixing nozzles after each application as the RT125 starts setting rather quickly. You should let the applied boot and RT125 harden as it can get a bit messy before you go off to the next sealing point. Hanging the harness up so the RT-125 doesn't flow "down" away from the joint is a good idea.



Sold it kits with supporting materials S1125 adhesive is used to seal DR-25 and Raychem Boots in the same manner as Resintech RT125. This video shows the proper procedure for sealing and testing the bond on DR-25 and molded boots. S1125 is more expensive than RT125. The procedures are the same for both. Here a non-adhesive lined boot is sealed on both ends.

With Ideal 46-204 Elite Plus Heat Gun use 46-955 Ovelap Adaptor to shrink the boot.

The Raychem Boots are the last items to seal and shrink in the harness.






The comprehensive guide is Raychem Heat Shrink Products. However, it can get a bit confusing and, in general, you will be using System 25 Specifications for your wiring and connector sealing. For example on a Pectel SQ6M with three Autosport connectors we might use a 90 Degree Boot with adhesive. 222K152-25/225-0. The /225 refers to the factory applied adhesive, and the "25" is the boot material used in System 25 applications.

Whether you use adhesive lined boots or seal them on their ends with RT125 Epoxy you use about 480F or 280C with your heat gun with a flat bladed tip.

There is a newer "25L" designation for a lighter boot, not listed in the literature.

With Ideal 46-204 Elite Plus Heat Gun use 46-955 Overlap Adaptor to shrink the boots.

Micro Molded Boots

Instalite Molded Boots




We have found the best Cable ties are Thomas & Betts Ty-Raps with a stainless steel locking mechanism. Metal locking tabs are a NASA requirement (NASA-STD-8739.4 [7.3.4])

An alternative is the Panduit Contour-Ty (right picture). Normally you use Black Nylon cable ties...be sure they are UV Stabilized and only purchase Brand Names like Panduit, Thomas & Betts Ty-Rap, or Hellerman Tyton. Once at Bonneville we bought some cable ties from local auto parts store and they broke when you tightened them



PEEK Cable ties are rated up to about 500 Deg F... way, way, beyond normal Nylon cable ties (185 Deg F). There are priced in the $1.00 each price range for 100 6" ties. Available from Panduit in 4.0" (PLT1M-C71); 5.9" (PLT1.5M-C71); and 7.4" (PLT2S-C71) lengths.



Raychem Spec 55 wire has become the defacto standard for motorsports wiring. "Spec 55" is a trademark of Tyco Electronics. The actual designation is MIL-W-22759/32-35 and 41-44. MIL-W-22759/44 is the normal wire of choice with silver plated copper stands. Silver plated copper (SPC) strands have a higher temperature rating than does Tinned copper (TC) strands.

Spec 55 Single Wall or "interconnect" wire carries the designation 55A011-xx-xx. Spec 55 Dual Wall or "airframe" wire carries the designation 55A081-xx-xx.

"XLETFE" insulation refers to Cross Linked ETFE Polymer (Tefzel) which provides increases abrasion resistance over Tefzel insulation. Dual wall construction is commonly used in aircraft. ETFE is described as a "modified radiation cross-linked polymer”.

Dual wall (normal weight) "Spec 55" will have an inner layer of a contrasting color (blue) to indicate when the wire has been nicked, abraded or cut.

TC refers to Tin Plated Copper. SPHSCA refers to Silver Plated High Strength Copper Alloy. NPC refers to Nickel Plated Copper. NPHSCA refers to Nickel Plated High Strength Copper Alloy. Note: 24-30 AWG should use SPHSCA conductor

Nickel has a higher melting point than does silver but this is of little consequence in motorsports ecu wiring.



Best deal in town for these 3-1 shrink tube wire markers for  22759/32, 22759/16, and TXL wires. ...and all White 22759/44-xx-9 wires.

If you are going "Pro" and intend to use 22759/44-xx-9  wire then this is your ticket to sanity. 2500 pieces for pennies each. Refills of 250 pieces ship immediately.

Use all White wires like in F1 and WRC and go crazy. Why all White wires?...Well with all White you just cannot make assumptions and 100 percent inspection and Hi-Pot testing is the rule.



A less expensive and more commonly available wiring is the single wall Tin Plated (TC) Copper strand wiring MIL-W-22759/16 or the thinner wall 22759/32. It could be argued that silver has a better conductivity and higher temperature rating than tin plating...but, both offer increased protection against corrosion over bare copper wires.


The main benefit of Spec 55, MIL-W-22759/44 and MIL-W-22759/32, over the alternative MIL-W-22759/16 is that it is "tougher" i.e. it has better abrasion properties due to its irradiated jacket. This is less of a concern if the harness is sheathed in DR-25 heat shrink, which is a common motorsports practice. In short it is an acceptable alternative to the more expensive 22759/44 silver plated wire.

In 20 AWG it weighs 5.18 lbs/1000 feet as opposed to Spec 55 20 AWG which weighs 4.3 lbs/1000 feet. It is also larger in diameter in 20 AWG .060" versus .050" for the Spec 55 wire.

A thinner and bit tougher insulation alternative to the /44 wire is the MIL-W-22759/32 and saves a few thousandths in diameter and weight...It's the same price as the /16 wire. Both are tin plated copper ("TC"). Available from ProwireUSA. A thinner tougher wire in the 22759/44 and 22759/32 variations.

Wire is really the cheapest part of the equation. It's the labor stupid. We use both /16 and  /32wire for our products and harnesses.

A word of advice: When you stock up on 22/20/18/16 gauge wires be careful to keep the various gauges physically separated as it's easy to grab, say, some 20ga (22759/32-20-xx) wire when you really are installing 22ga (22759/32-22-xx) wire. This mistake makes it interesting when you go to install the terminals.

Note: Tefzel is Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)



How do you strip shielded cable for a solder sleeve?...Well there's always a tool. The Ideal 45-402 Ringer Cable Stripper.

Crankshaft sensors, camshaft sensors, RS 232 and other communications should use twisted pair, shielded, wiring. 20 or 22 AWG is typical for twisted pair sensor and communications. We use 22 gauge Shielded Tefzel Cable  wires from Prowire USA for our two wire crank position sensors and three wire hall-effect sensors.

Twisting the wires reduces magnetically induced interference. Forcing the wires together reduces the loop area and therefore the induced voltage. Since the currents are flowing in minimum loop areas, magnetic field generation is reduced. Good idea to avoid signal problems due to noisy ignitions, coils etc.



Note that the commonly used model 45-402 comes with a blade and is used on 20-24AWG M27500 SB cable.


Grounding of the shielded cable is accomplished by using dedicated  solder splices. Section 8-3 of Tyco Electronics (te.com) main Wire and Cable 27.9Mb Catalog lists these solder splices. They are available with or without leads. We ground our shielded wire jackets directly at the SQ6M ecu.

Procedures are defined for grounding the of the shielded wires. Best practice is that you leave the shield open at the sensor side for shielding to be effective.  If this side is grounded in some way, the shield doesn't work. Shielded gounds are tied to a single ground point at the ECU side.

Solder Sleeves are available from ProwireUSA





An excellent source for your motorsport wiring supplies for you go-it-alone types is ProwireUSA as they stock about everything you need and sell in small quantities. It a good place to pick up your MIL-W-22759/32 and MIL-W-22759/16 wire and supplies. They have 140 Mil-Spec wire color combinations in stock and even custom stripes and numbers wires to order.

ProwireUSA has extensive experience building wiring harnesses and only stocks the best and competition proven parts. Quick service and excellent prices.

Don't make the mistake of using less quality supplies from autopart and general supply houses. Prowire also stocks oem TXL and GXL wires as well as the mil-spec 22759 Tefzel wires.

Follow Prowire on Instagram.

 ProwireUSA
 22230 S Scotland Court, Queen Creek, AZ 85142
 Phone: 619-440-9473
 Email: sales@prowireusa.com


Deutsch Autosport: Specifically designed for motorsport. Lightweight. Expensive. Requires Mil-Spec crimping and stripping tools. This is Cosworth Pectel SQ6M that we use on our ORCA motor turbocharged Harleys. The color bands denote the connector shell keyway. The left and right connectors are 26 Pin 20 gauge of different keyway locations so you cannot mix them up. The center connector is a 55 pin 22 gauge connector. Figure on spending about $400.00 for the associated connectors, sockets, and insertion tools for the SQ6M. 107 pins total.


Metal shells don't melt like plastic ones do. Higher end motorsport applications all use Autosport ECU connectors...Pectel, McLaren, Magnetti-Marelli, and Bosch. We model the SQ6M with the Autosport connectors to use in our wiring diagrams.


We model the various Deutsch Autosport connectors that we use in our harnesses. Pricey devils, but they don't melt, and use Raychem lipped boots sealed with Resintech RT125.


Pectel MQ12 controller. Same as used by Aston Martin, Lotus, Nissan Nismo GTR and in World Superbike.  Full Autosport Connectors. In case you are wondering how fast this controller can process things it has a MPC5200 processor that delivers 760 Million MIPS (Instructions per second) to keep track of all your inputs.  Four Autosport Connectors.



Deutsch DTM Series : Sealed thermoplastic connectors designed for harsh environments like engine compartments. Reasonably priced. Available from many sources, they offer watertight silicone seals that also act as a strain relief. Available in 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 pin contacts with size 20 contacts for AWG 16 to 24 gage wire. Either solid pins and sockets or crimped pins and sockets can be used. Solid pins are crimped and are easiest to work with. In no case should the pins and sockets be soldered. Multiple wire size #20 contacts with 7.5A rating.

Pictured above are 2, 3,and 4 pin DTM connectors with the optional shrink boot adapter (Option E007). There are all sorts of suffixes for the DTM connectors and whereas you might spec out a particular option i.e. like the shrink boot...It may not be available in plug and receptacles. We suggest you check out this interactive product guide first.


For our CAD wiring harness drawings we construct .dxf models of these Gray Deutsch DTM Connectors on a 1:1 scale. There are downloadable in Autocad R14 .dxf file formats. In Firefox Browser Choose "File, Save Page As", and open in your CAD program. They can be colored as is the gray two pin DTM above.

Alternatively you can import .dxf files into Microsoft Visio Professional 2013  using Autodesk TrueView.

2 pin       DTM04-2P-E003
2 socket  DTM06-2S-E007
3 pin       DTM04-3P-E003
3 socket  DTM06-3S-E007
4 pin       DTM04-4P-E003
4 socket  DTM06-4S-E007
6 pin       DTM04-6P-E003
6 socket  DTM06-6S-E007


All of the pins and sockets are made from 98% pure copper and then plated. Standard plating is Nickel. For critical circuits, pins and sockets are plated with Nickel and then Gold. For lighting, power and control circuits choose Nickel. For critical and very low voltage and amperage circuits such as oxygen sensors that operate at 0-1 volt or 0-5V (wideband) and for data transmission circuits that operate at 5 volts, choose Gold. Type K Thermocouple wire should use Chromel or Alumel terminals (see below) in the DTM two or three wire connectors.

Note: rear silicone seal will seal on smooth insulation from .053" to .120" O.D. Of importance is the fact they are rated at 100 cycles of engagement and disengagement. These are your affordable step below the very expensive Deutsch Autosport line. They will melt if they touch something like an exhaust so be careful about securing things before you start an engine.




Deutsch DT Series have #16 contacts with a 13A rating. Often called "Cat-spec as they are used by Caterpillar and have improved seal retention on the plug and a cap on the rear of the housing to retain the silicone wire seal.

The Deutsch DT-RT1 is a removal pick for the Deutsch DT Series only. The tool has a double ended removal tool. One end has a sturdy 90 degree hook for non-slip wedge lock removal. The other end has a standard flat head screw driver which can be used as a straight pick or driver. Tool has a tapered one, four sided handle. DT-RT1 application instructions PDF.



Sureseal: Interesting rubber push to connect seals. Like any specific connector they require specific and expensive tooling. These connectors are rated at 50 cycles of engagement and disengagement. We have used them in the past but prefer DT/DTM/D369 and Autosport connectors.


Weatherpack: Ubiquitous automotive silicone sealed thermoplastic connectors designed for harsh automotive environments. These connectors are validated to perform to specification for 10 cycles of engagement and disengagement, but up to 50 cycles probably will not see any signal degradation.

In short they are excellent for oem use but a bit wanting in a motorsports environment where >10 engagement/disengagement cycles are normal. For over 25 years we used all the one to six pin variants with GXL and TXL wire and they were reliable but not motorsport grade.


Weatherpack GM MAP Sensors can be further sealed with a [HellermannTyton (page 63)]  shrink boot available from ProwireUSA. If you use GM 1, 2, or 3 Bar Map Sensors with 22 Gauge 22759/16 or /32 wire use the 15324983 DARK RED Silicone Cavity Seals and Pins 12089307 (22ga). Appropriate pins, sockets and seals for the different wire sizes are available from ProwireUSA.

GM 2 and 3 Bar Connector 12015384 Black; GM 1 Bar Connector 12020403 Green.



Before you automatically use the three pin GM MAP Sensors you should consider engineering your project for BOSCH T-MAP sensors that have four contacts and combine temperature and manifold pressure in one sensor.

You can kiss some pneumatic tubing and tees good-bye.  A better way to fly. Cut your sensor count in half and get rid of some problematic vacuum / boost tubing and clamps.

1 Bar: 0261 230 030;  0 261 230 333
2.5 Bar: 0261 230 266;  0281 002 514; 0 261 230 042
3 Bar: 0281 002 437;  0281 002 845; 0 261 230 280
3.5 Bar: 0 261 002 456
4 Bar: 0 281 002 576

For 22ga 22759/32-22 wire:
Connector BOSCH 1928403736; BDK Terminal 1 928 498 056 (20 AWG); Seal BLUE 1928300599 (.35-1.0mm2)


The trend in injectors is to use the Bosch EV14 injectors which are high impedance, typically 12 Ohms, instead of the older style Low Impedance (2-3 Ohms) as the EV14's are very fast opening and very accurate. Most typically use USCAR EV6 Type B Red style injector connectors (Green Cavity Seal 22ga). The exception to this are the ID2000 Injectors which use a Sumitomo 6189-039 Injector Connector (Black Cavity Seal 22ga).


People tend to yank on the injector wires which are typically 22 ga. We use 20AWG. Make sure you have the proper crimping tool. Do not solder the wires...ever. Crimp 20-22 gauge with the Delphi GT150 Connector  crimping tool (15359996), after removing the spring loaded plastic GT150 terminal stop, using the 22-20 position. If you are using 20 gauge wires you can use the general purpose Delphi 12014254 Crimping Tool.







These days there is a lot of BS floating around about injector matching etc...Take our advice and use Injector Dynamics Injectors as they work directly with Bosch Motorsport. Check out the lengths they go to in this video. We use their 750cc, 850cc, 1000cc, 1050cc, 1300cc, 1700cc and 2000cc injectors. Pictured above are the new ID1700X injectors developed in conjunction with Bosch Motorsport. Tony Palo drives a 2400hp GTR so he's crazy like the rest us...only he has more horsepower.


Passenger cars use fuses everywhere whereas, in motorsports, re-settable aviation-style circuit breakers are preferred. Circuit breakers have the advantage of being re-settable which allows you to perhaps just "push it in" and get going until you diagnose the problem. You also don't need to replace a fuse. Harley uses truck style thermal breakers...your bike would sign off due to some short and a few minutes later it would run again...but you didn't melt your wires.


Tyco W23, ETA 483, and Klixon 2TC14 series push to set circuit breakers are a standard aviation item and are available in many amperages. They "pop up" when they trip and you push them down to reset them. If you are using the popular sealed WeatherPack silicone sealed fuse holders you can use Bussmann 227 series circuit breakers that are a drop in replacement, albeit pricey, for the cheaper one time fuses.

Klixon 2TC14-X (green breaker) are available from ProwireUSA in varying amperages from 1A to 25A for about $20.00. Higher end ETA 483 series are about four times more expensive.

Breakers like the Tyco W23 are usually installed in panels that a race car driver can reach and reset. "Reach and reset" doesn't work on motorcycles.

Space is also a premium on motorcycles and there is the issue of being exposed to the elements like pressure washers. If you go to the Bonneville Salt Flats like we do then corrosion is a major issue. A second issue for our applications is high vibration and the three threaded points...possible issues with that.




 Cooper Bussman 227 Low Profile ATC Blade Type Manual Reset Circuit Breakers pictured above. There are nornally installed in a fuse box in place of the standard ATC duses. These are too tall to fit in Delphi Metri-Pack Sealed Fuse Holders  (12033731 Cap Cover and 12033769 Female Connector).
 


Raychem SCL heat shrink can be used to seal circuit breakers and other types of switches from the environment. Much niftier than trying to heat shrink a couple of screw terminals. It is a dual-wall adhesive lined shrink tube with a 2.5:1 shrink ratio.

A greater shrink ratio (4:1) can be accomplished by using Raychem ES2000, or DSG-Canusa CDR adhesive-lined semi-rigid shrink tubing. Raychem ES2000 is available in small quantities (4' sticks) from various electronic suppliers like Mouser.


K4 Triple Sealed Switches are used in off road racing and other motorsports where moisture and dust are your enemy. Complete K4 Catalog. Available from ProwireUSA.




K4 Battery Disconnect Switch. If you run expensive Lithium Racing batteries you need to remove any parasitic draw to prevent the battery voltage from dropping when the vehicle sits for awhile. If the voltage drops too low due to long term milliamp draws it can permanently kill the battery unless the battery has circuitry to protect itself. The switch also serves as a safety kill switch where regulations require and manual disconnect.



Rotary position switches are a fact of life in Formula 1...Fuel, suspension, traction control, braking bias and whatever the rules allow these days with the spec ecus from McLaren Electronics are all switchable on the carbon fiber steering wheel.


We make up our own Rotary Map Switches that have to survive on a Harley-Davidson. We set these up for four map positions. Traction control maps, fuel and spark maps...all changeable on the fly. Four position switch pictured uses three resistors to set voltages from 5 VDC to 0 VDC in equal steps.

Here is the final assembled switch with the laser cut stainless steel mounting bracket and faceplate. Laser cut slots allow the faceplate and the mounting bracket to index to each other. We stamp the switch positions into the faceplate. The entire assembly is sealed for reliability. We label the color of the signal wire so it can marry up with the appropriate DTM connector on the wiring harness.


We machine the switch enclosure from Delrin plastic and encapsulate the rotary switch in epoxy to waterproof it and use DR-25 heat shrink and formed boots to protect the wiring and install a three position Deutsch DTM connector. 5 VDc, Analog Ground and Signal wires (color coded). We pot the Delrin enclosure / switch with Resintech RT125 on both ends. It takes a few days to cure.


Eight Position Traction Control Rotary Switch. Seven resistors set voltages from 0 VDC to 5 VDC in equal steps. Pectel SQ6M controllers have 7 traction control settings. Position #1 will be traction control “Off".


Ideal Ergo Elite, pictured on the left, is an excellent wire stripper...Be sure you order the model 55-1987 for MIL-W-22759 wire plus the LB-1904 Clear Plastic Wire Stop. About $250.00. The clear plastic Wire stop cuts accurately but can trap the insulation between the stop and the blades. Often we leave the stop off.

The Ideal 45-177 Stripmaster Lite (16-26 AWG, Type E Teflon), on the right, is also an excellent choice. Keep the screws in the jaw tightened as they tend to loosen with use. You should also order the L5720 Wire Stop Assembly. About $150.00

We suggest you get the Ideal Ergo Elite for the most precise work.


The claim is that thermal wire strippers do not nick or cut or scrape the wiring. There are several manufacturers like Teledyne and Hakko. The Teledyne Strippal® Plus pictured to the left above is a self-contained hand-held stripper that either comes with a fixed or variable temperature control. The insulation melts and is stripped cleanly and quickly, readying the wire for crimping or soldering. To the right is the Hakko FT-801 thermal wire stripper.

We don't like getting burned by hot objects. We tried thermal strippers long ago but it was back to mechanical and automatic blade strippers.

Best to skip these and use precision blade manual or production automatic strippers.



This is the pricey pneumatic stripper we use at RB Racing. It simplifies doing production work and the stripped insulation collects in the tray. Of course we still use hand strippers because the 950 is best used as a stationary unit, not suited for lugging around the shop doing prototypes in place. It's small but pneumaticall powere so it is best used as a Bench item.


If you are doing production work and don't want to spend the day squeezing manual crimpers then you need spend about 25 times more money for an electric stripper like this one. Video of it in action.

Used by many wiring professionals.


Daniels crimping tools are the defacto standard for motorsports connector pins and sockets. We also use specialized tools to crimp Weatherpack connectors and Deutsch connectors.


M22520/2-07 Autosport 22 gauge sockets

M22520/2-09 Autosport 22 gauge pins

M22520/2-10 Autosport 20 gauge sockets

M225034 Autosport micro sockets

M225035 Autosport micro pins

M22520/2-02 Turret for DTM and Mil Spec




This is a selection of the crimping tools that we use to make our motorcycle harnesses. Daniels, Delphi, AMP, Rennsteig, and Deutsch crimpers. We don't do custom wiring harnesses except for our own products and racing.


This is a 22-16 x 1/4"  High Temperature nickel-plated ring terminal with a 22759/32-14 AWG wire crimped...It passed the Dinosaur IrwinVise-Grip and bench vise tug of war contest. These are butted, and not brazed, so we "F-crimp" with the crimp on the butted seam. In our documentation we specify the ratcheting crimp tool used for this operation.

Nickel plating has a better conductivity than tin-plating.

Shrink 1" long Raychem 1/8" SCL for strain relief.

These are steel and not the VersaKrimp closed-brazed  Molex tin plated copper variety so they require more force to securely crimp.

There can be terminals that are metric, like Bosch Fuel Pumps, where nickel-plated 1/4" ring terminals have too large a diameter (12mm) for the 12V+ 6mm (10mm O.D.cavity).


There are different types of crimps used for different purposes i.e. insulated or non-insulated connectors. The Rennsteig PEW-9  shown here with a hexagonal crimp die for non-insulated splice connectors. These are moderately expensive, around $120.00.  No interchangeable dies as it is calibrated at the factory. The hexagonal crimp is a superior crimping method for splice connectors. For single splices 22/20/18/16/14 ga and for multiple of smaller wires.

We use this crimper where the final crimp does not under or over-crimp the splice. We also use AMP crimpers for splices, typically the AWG 22-10 Double Action Tool 49935.


Rennsteig also has a MultiCrimp tool with interchangeable dies. About $250.00. Fives dies are available. It normally ships with with:


- 1x (P/N 629 050 3 0 1) Die Set for Non-Insulated Plug Connectors (0.5 - 6.0 mm² | 20 - 10 AWG)
- 1x (P/N 629 060 3 0 1) Die Set for Insulated Terminals (0.5 - 6.0 mm² | 20 - 10 AWG)
- 1x (P/N 629 090 3 0 1) Die Set for End-Sleeves/Ferrules with and without Collar (0.25 - 6.0 | 24 - 10 AWG)
- 1x Tool magazine for up to 5 Die Sets

Less expensive ratcheting crimpers are available from Del City. Some aerospace items can be up in the thousands of dollars.

A good guide to crimping is in the Molex Industrial Crimp Handbook. Page 18 of the Molex PDF describes the types of crimp dies.


These are the best battery cables for your racing application. Don't go looking for welding cables, get the correct motorsport ones. ProwireUSA also has the correct lugs. In order to crimp the lugs you can spend anywhere from $35.00 to $3,000.00 for specialized hexagonal crimp tools.


If you are only going to do this occasionally a cheap Hydraulic Crimper (read China) with insertable hex dies can be had for under $40.00. Pictured is an 8 ton crimper with 4, 6, 10, 16, 25, 35, 50, and 70mm die sets. Definitely not Aircraft Milspec but cheap.

Metric to AWG Conversions: 10mm (6AWG); 16mm (4AWG); 25mm (3AWG); 35mm (2AWG); 50mm (0AWG); 70mm (2/0AWG).




Wire to wire splices can be accomplished with Tyco Raychem D-406, or Sumitube W79 adhesive lined shrink tube. Do not solder the wires together. Proper crimping is the preferred method .Raychem part # D-406-0001, Red in color, marked "Duraseal 18-22" pictured. We tend to use the un-insulted butt, step-down and parallel splices (below) and seal them withe Raychem SCL.


Alternatively, un-insulated step down butt connectors (left and center above) can be used and sealed with adhesive-lined Raychem SCL heat shrink. Often wires will branch i.e. 1-2, 1-3, 1-6  etc. and splices are necessary. To the right above is a Raychem Mini-Seal Splice...these have an overall shorter length and can be sealed with SCL or ES2000-1 heat shrink.

In general we do not use Butt Connectors as we prefer the conductor to conductor crimp in the shorter Molex parallel splices which can offer better strain relief depending on how they are sealed with Raychem SCL.




When creating splices these parallel splices are the smallest package in your harness i.e the smallest wire to wire crimp, often within a connector boot. Seal with the appropriate size Raychem SCL.

OEM production harnesses use ultrasonic welding to make splices which are covered with shrink tubing. This is generally for bare copper wires . Slower than automated crimping but results in a smaller harness. Some welders have tinned wire capability. Only increase in diameter is the thickness of the shrink tubing. Sonobond SpliceRite.

A video shows how the process works.


Here we have two multi-wire splices via step-down un-insulated butt connectors: (below) five 22 gauge 22759/16 black wires going into one black 22 gauge wire; and (above) four 18 gauge 22759/16 red wires going into one 16 gauge 22759/16 wire. The connections are glue shrunk. In the case of multi-wire butt splice connections we use 1/8"  adhesive lined shrink tube on the single wire and a larger size (3/16" or 1/4") over the entire splice.



We make sample splices, in this case stripping the wires and crimping them in the butt or parallel splice connectors. Do not twist or solder the multiple wires together. All connections must be adhesive sealed, typically with 3/16" or 1/4" Raychem SCL (.750" to 1" on Parallel Splices and 1.5"on Butt Splices). Make assembly notes as to the crimp tool / position to use to avoid assembly errors.


For a comprehensive guide to Un-Insulated butt connectors see the TE Connectivity/AMP Solistrand Un-Insulated Terminals and Splices PDF.

These go down to 26AWG-20AWG (#321198) pictured above. For these we use AMP Crimp Tool 69363 26-24 22-20.

For AWG 22-10 we use AMP Crimp Tool 49935.

We don't have pull testing equipment so we simply take the test pieces and yank on the wires as hard as we can. Be careful to insure all wires are fully seated into the butt connector. Refine your crimper choice and crimp techniques until you can be assured your splices will not come apart. Not sophisticated but it works.

FYI: NASA-STD 8739.4: Minimum Tensile Strengths:  22ga 13 lb; 20ga 21 lb; 18 ga 32 lb; 16 ga 41 lb.
        SAE AS7928: Minimum Tensile Strengths: 22ga 15 lb; 20 ga 19 lb; 18 ga 38 lb; 16ga 50 lb.

When you are terminating multiple wires in a splice in your harness, and not a wire-to-wire butt splice, Solistrand Stub (Parallel) Splices are called for.  Use a Rennsteig Hexagonal crimp tool or an AMP Crimping Tool and then seal the parallel splice with SCL or a Raychem ES Cap.

In the above illustration we show a Stub (Parallel) Splice application... Here we have a 5V 50mA output from the #2 Autosport Connector on a Pectel SQ6M sending out 5V sensor power to three destinations. AS6-16-35SN connector with a Raychem 222K152-25-0 boot. The SQ6M has four programmable sensor supply outputs:  Two @ 5V 50mA and two @ 12V 1A. Using parallel stub splices simplifies having many butt connector splices downstream.

Lots of planning is required for concentric twisting of your harness. Placing the parallel stub splice in the connector boot cleans up things.







Joining wires without crimping in a sealed manner requires the use of specialized solder sleeves that both solder the wires together and adhesive seal them at the same time. Pricey devils. Figure upwards of $3.00+ each. Pictured is Raychem / Tyco D-1744 Series Soldersleeve Wire Splice. Designed to provide an environment resistant in-line splice in wires having tin (22759/16 or 22759/32) or silver-plated conductors (22759/44) and insulation rated for at least 125C. Example pricing via DigiKey.


When you want to do a sealed splice on an exposed single wire, that you may wish to take apart, these Deutsch Jiffy Splices will do the trick. These are for larger gauge wires.


Daniels makes a relatively inexpensive tool to test retention of pins and sockets...Simply push until flush and the socket/pin is tested to about 30% of it's yield i.e. if it is actually seated.
If you are a big buck operation and you need to test your crimp connection strengths you buy one of these from Alphatron

 

DR-25 heat shrink and transitions are joined with Raychem or Hellerman molded parts, To seal the ends of the transitions or boots there are two options: Use adhesive lined boots (expensive) or use syringe-applied Resintech RT125 black epoxy on the connector or the DR-25 wire cover. The shrink ratio is 2-1. This environmentally seals the wires and connectors and provides a protective layer against abrasion.

Raychem DR25 is simply the best wire covering. The suffix determines the color of the printing on the tubing DR-25-1/8-0 is Yellow; while  DR-25-1/8-UK is White lettering. Color of the lettering is simply customer preference as the DR25 is exactly the same. We use DR-25 in the standard thickness with the yellow print as it seems a bit sexier and is visually diffrent than other suppliers being instantly recognizeable as genuine Raychem. The special lightweight motorsport version with white lettering DR-25-TW saves weight.


When heated, heat shrinkable tubing will shrink not only in diameter but to a lesser extent in length as well. The amount of length reduction ("longitudinal shrinkage") encountered is dependent upon the amount of reduction in diameter ("diametric shrinkage") that is allowed to occur in an application. The less shrinkage required on the harness the less the length reduction.

Longitudinal shrinkage should be taken into account in any heat shrinkable tubing application, but in most situations the reduction in length is less than 10% of the original length..typically a minimal 5%.

In applications using longer lengths of heat shrinkable tubing in which longitudinal shrinkage is undesirable, it is possible to essentially eliminate longitudinal shrinkage by first applying heat to both ends of the tubing to shrink it to the substrate and secure it in place before completing the shrinking process along the remaining mid-section of the tubing.

In short, fudge for additional length.




To choose a size of DR-25 for your harness sections choose the largest size that will shrink firmly to your wiring cross-section diameter. In other words if your wiring bundle is 3/8" in diameter you don't use 3/8" DR-25 as it has a shrink ratio of 2:1 (.375 start to .1875 final). The above dimensions are for several diameters of 20 gauge Spec55 wires, .058" in diameter.


An alternative to DR-25 is Raceline 150 from Whitmor Wirenetics. Basically the same specifications you just don't get "DR-25" printed in yellow. We all know how important labels are these days.

A second source for a less expensive alternative to Raychem DR-25 is Deray V25 from DSG-Canusa.which also has the same 2:1 shrink ratio as Raychem DR-25.


Trying to push some 22 gauge wires through 1/8"or 3/16" DR-25 is an exercise in frustration. Crimp the wires to something like a length of welding rod and pull them through.



Semi-rigid 4-1 shrink ratio adhesive lined Raychem ES2000 seals DR-25 to wires as well as serving as a strain relief for wire splices, terminals and other components.


Shrink tubing typically comes in four foot long sticks. We cut these to fit McMaster Carr clear boxes 4629T2. For the most part this is rigid or semi-rigid adhesive-lined tubing, typically, for harnesses, cut in lengths less than 2.5" for connectors and sealing DR-25. It easy to keep track of the various types and wall thicknesses as well as 2-1, 3-1 and 4-1 shrink ratios. You're always cutting parts and have lengths left over. It's easier to keep track of these in some form of compartments.



Heat Guns and Heat Blowers are different animals. The Steinel and the Snap-On to the left are Heat Guns whereas the Master Appliance pedestal mount is a Heat Blower. They all apply hot air but the Heat Guns are easier to work with, especially when dealing with Raychem Shrink Shapes and Boots as you must quickly rotate about the part to cause the controlled shrinkage. The larger Heat Blower is too unwieldy for this fine controlled shrinkage. Being able to regulate the temperature is also important.

DR-25 and various boots are rated at about 150C to 175C (350F) and will shrink at these temperatures. Heat guns and blowers can go to 1000F to 1200F...that is too hot and can damage the DR-25.



Probably the best value in a heat gun is the Ideal 46-204. Lots of bells and whistles. You can regulate the temperature and the blower. About $200.00 as pictured above. We use both this "gun" and the Master Appliance pedestal blower. Four nozzles 1500 Watts.


Moving upstream a bit is the Swiss made Industrial quality Leister Ghibli AW Shrink Gun ....with dozens of different nozzles available. Two of the shrink tubing stainless steel nozzles are shown above...As you would expect the Swiss are a bit anal about this nozzle business. Makes quick work of 1" DR-25. Our gun of choice. 1800 Watts, five step air control, specifically designed for shrink tube applications.

Raychem / TE Connectivity has sold Leister Hot Air Guns. The Ghibli AW is a newer model than the TRIAC Leister Guns that Raychem sold in the past.

Motorsport professionals like Renvale in F1, WRC, Indy all use Leister Hot Air Guns...As one professional told us " Fastest shrink tool for DR-25". If you want the best heat shrink gun for motorsports wiring this is the one. Fast shrinking at 400C or 752F being careful not to damage the DR-25.


Installing a 202K132 Raychem Boot on this Autosport Connector has to be done with a Heat Gun, not a Heat Blower. A Heat Blower will cause a too quick and uncontrolled shrinkage and ruin the Boot.


 

The stiffness of the harness will depend largely on how the underlying wires are arranged. The correct method is concentric twisting where successive layers are twisted in opposite directions...One wire surrounded by six wires, with each successive layer adding six additional wires i.e. 1-6-12-18. The twisting of the wires gives the harness additional flexibility and reduces strain on the wires. The above table provides some insight into the methodology. TE Connectivity offers a PDF Guideline for Concentric Twisting.

The 1-6-12 etc is not inviolate i.e. you may have a central bundle of say, twisted pairs, that may approximate the diameter of six wires...Then the other layers 12 etc may follow.

In that you are dealing with shielded and twisted pairs and varying AWG wire sizes it is not a 1-6-12-18 situation. You only use filler wires where necessary. Bit of an art form.

For 2/3/4 position connectors, when they finally branch out of the harness, you still twist the wires even though you are in a less than "7" situation. They are more flexible this way. In general you place any two or three wire, shielded or twisted sets, in the central core of the bundle.

This is a motorsports Race-Spec technique and is not an aerospace standard where weight is critical. Concentric twisting adds flexibilty to the harness were routing and possible removal are involved. 22759 19 strand Mil-Spec wires are twisted internally for the same reason.



Here we have the connectors on a Cosworth Pectel SQ6M, pins facing out from the ECU, two 26 Pin Autosport and one 55 pin Autosport.

Service loops can be done in a parallel fashion, held in place by stainless ChiaoGoo knitting needles. For example on the 55 pin Connector 16-35 we will insert the wires sequentially 1-2-3-4 etc and as we complete each column i.e. 1-2-3 and 4-5-6-7-8-9 we will hold the service loops for each column with 1/8" or in some cases 1/4" rods.

 55 Pin Connector C2: When wires are populated with service loops and can turn or exit the eventual boot the wires can be bound and the contra twisting can begin.

Things get a bit more complicated where there are internal splice points in the harness i.e 1 into 2 wires or 1 into 4 wires such as in 5V supply or digital / analog grounds.  Shielded or twisted pairs are placed in the center of the harness. Here the red dots indicate where the signal wires come from 2 and 3 wire shielded cables on Connector #2 of the SQ6M.

 In this case the 55 pin connector actually has 79 wires exiting including splices.

One technique is to group the thickest wires in the center, typically the  twisted pairs and shielded, and plan on, as you proceed to each branch point to have the branching wires on the outside of the bundle. In a general sense, the wires are twisted with the furthest branches towards the center and arranged so branch points have the wires on the outside of the bundle.

Note: Unused positions in the harness must have the contacts installed and use either plugs or filler wires to maintain sealing integrity. Filler wires can be used to populate the concentric twisting. Clever twisting can minimize the use of filler wires.


Concentric twisting of a motorsports harness requires a lot of planning when you have different gauge wires, multiple connectors, filler wires, splices, service loops etc. Here Zac Perkins (zac@motorsportselectronics.com) of Motorsportselectronics shows you how it should be done. Kevlar braided lacing cord secures the bundle. Zach is a master fabricator and motorsports electronics specialist. Check here to see his portfolio. Zac can be reached via his website (or email) to schedule your project. BMW and Porsche 911 projects.


Zac doing M1 Series Motec integration in a Porsche 911 project. A complete rewire of a Porsche 911T by Zac. Zac was the Senior Engineering Technician - Special Programs & Motorsport at  Faraday Futures (Electric Car), and electrical systems consulting engineer at another electric car startup here in California as well as holding a second hat at motorsportselectronics with Tim Whitteridge.


Besides winning the 2019 Pikes Peak Race to the Clouds doing all the fabrication, turbocharger and electronics integration,  Motorsports electronics also did this (above)...A  complex wiring and Motec system on a period Nissan GTP car. Lots of connectors and many hundreds of terminations. 1000+ horsepower on intial startup.

 Zac Perkins resume and contact information.


Zach Perkins: "Building an in tank fuel cell loom. It's important to use the correct supplies, especially when dealing with ethanol or alcohol fuels. Pictured here: Deutsch hermetic fuel safe flange mount connectors, Raychem -12 chemical resistant boots, Raychem RW-200 viton shrink and Resinlab EP1385 epoxy- specially formulated for E85 and alcohol fuels. It's always better to test chemical resistance of what you're putting in you're fuel tank BEFORE you gum up all your fuel pumps, luckily with these products I know they're up for it! Motorsportselectronics.


Braided Lacing Cord is commonly used, bound to the twisted cables in the opposite direction of the cable twist, secured at each end by tape. There are a wide variety of these in nylon yarn, polyester yarn, Teflon yarn, glass yarn, and aramid (Kevlar/nomex) yarn.

MIL-T-43435B Lacing Cord (Left Above): Braided nylon lacing cord meeting specification MIL-T43435B, Type I, Size 3, Finish B:  Micro-crystalline wax with melting point above 55/ C ° 130° F and non flaking characteristics it is compounded to develop excellent knot retention, yet not giving a waxy feel to the user. Used to tie wiring bundles together. Less bulky than plastic tie wraps which can actually cut into wires and, when cut, leave a sharp edge that can cut your hands.

MIL-T-43435B Lacing Cord size 4, Dacron, 2nd from Left, Finish C

MIL-T-43435B Lacing Cord size 3, Nylon, 3rd from Left, Finish C

MIL-T-43435B Lacing Cord (Far Right Above): Flat Braided Glass Yarn, Type IV, Size 1, Finish D: TFE-fluorocarbon coating, Black Color. Widest (size 1) .180" to .220". Stable to 427C (800 Deg F). Gudebrod.


Continuous loops with the waxed MIL-T-43435B Lacing Cord (Left Above) should tied in the above manner with continual lock stitches. Normally you just put a wrap and a square knot every 6-12".


A-A-52084 Lacing Cord available in 250 or 500 yard rolls from suppliers like Ryan Electronics, Western Filament, or Atkins & Pearce. Formerly known as MIL-T-43435 Type V it is available in four different sizes in natural or black finishes. Lacing tapes are wrapped in an opposite spiral direction from the last upper layer left-hand concentric twist. Lacing techniques are described in this TE Connectivity Brochure.

BMS 13-54 Boeing Specification Nomex® Lacing Tape. Western Filament Inc.
Flat braided Nomex lacing tape. Type III, Grade D, Finish C, Class I with cross-tracer.
Available colors: White, Black, Blue, Brown, Green, Gray, Magenta, Orange, Pink, Purple, Red, Yellow.

Western Filament Inc.Part Number    Width Inches    Thickness Inches     PutUp (yds)
                                   HOF40RTR        0.075"                     0.012"                    500
Western Filament Part Number         Width Inches      Thickness Inches    PutUp (yds)
                                   HOF70RTR        0.110 "                 .014                           250



After you've laced your wire harness together with neat little square knots, how do you insert extra wires? The answer is a Wire Spoon.  Note that all the wires are white which is a normal practice in many applications. Spec 55 wire is available in up to 10 color and or color stripe combinations which makes keeping track of things much easier. Without laser-marking of each wire it can be a real chore to track down issues when all the wires are white. You can also label each wire (we do) as we have so many interruptions it's easy to lose track after numerous phone calls.


For your information a typical late model Harley-Davidson Touring bike uses about 77 different wire colors (color and stripes) in its wiring harness. 100 color and color/stripe combinations are delineated in this Glenair MIL-STD-681 PDF. In aerospace applications wires are white and Ultra Vilolet (UV) laser marked.


You can, however, label each wire with 1/8" 3:1 heat shrink labels near the terminations to keep track of things and use one color mil-spec wire. Low end heat shrink printers can be purchased way under $100.00 or you can spend many thousands of dollars on commercial units. We label all our wires anyway, even with different colors.

BEE3+ unit from K-SUN pictured above is about as cheap as it gets. Lists for about $250.00 but sells for about $150.00 or less. It prints on 1/8" (single MIL-SPEC wire), 3/16", 1/4", 3/8", 1/2" and up to 3/4" wire shrink tubing. It also prints labels in widths of 1/6"(4mm), 1/4"(6mm), 3/8"(9mm) 1/2"(12mm) and 3/4"(18mm) widths. The catch is the cartridges are expensive. There is always a catch. Expendables. Oddly the 3/8" shrink tubing is only available in white.

The lower priced BEE3 unit will only print up to 3/16" shrink tubing. Best get the BEE3+.

Use either KYNAR or Tyco Raychem RT-375 clear 2:1 heat shrink over your printed labels


The Rhino 6000 will print wire shrink tubing up to 1" I.D. and flat labels up to 1" in width. These are in the mid to low $200.00 range. For labeling individual wires they do not go down to the 1/8" size shrink tubing that the BEE3+ does.



If you plan on doing production work the Kroy K4350 used to be good bet...It was in the $600.00 range. You use 100 to 500 foot reels of shrink tubing. It still has the older serial and parallel printer ports so you will need adaptors.

It has been discontinued.

This printer is a few hundred dollars more that the Kroy but has more features...Prnters above this go into the multiple thousands of dollars.

The above chart is a guideline for letter / logo heights.




Everyone seems to use yellow shrink labels with black lettering for marking motorsport cables. For a more stealthy appearance we use black Autosport, DTM and D369 connectors and black labels with white text...We tend to just do connector numbers with suffix "S" for sub harness rather that spell out all the functions like "LAM1", "FUEL PUMP",  "INJ1" etc...

Having 50 or more of gray connectors with yellow labels sticks out visually on motorcycles where almost everything is exposed. Black, DTM, DT, D369, and Autosport connectors with black labels and white lettering, more or less, disappears. Our typical harness may have 75 connectors and we try to keep connectors and lables all black.

It's a bit difficult to find all the shrink tubing sizes to do black labels with white lettering for everything. Using the Kroy 4350 printer you can get all the black shrink tubing sizes (100' reels) from Dasco.


HarnWare Version 6 offers 2D and 3D modeling of harnesses. Complete libraries of all Raychem TE components. License must be purchased (dongle). Based on 32 bit Microsoft VISIO. HarnWare (2D) and HarnVis (3D) are developed and maintaned by  ADE Analysis & Design Engineering LTD.

A three part video explains the software. There is a large purchase price with an annual maintenance fee and requires, typically, a three day training session. Pretty much beyond the time and financial costraints of most.


Catia V6 is the high end OEM tool. Aircraft and OEM manufacturers. Way overkill for motorsports but necesary for planning and documentation for things that fly or OEM automotive.



The above is a typical Microsoft Visio diagram for motorsports wiring and harness design. We can make an initial Visio drawing of the wiring diagram but this will only aid in planning purposes. The actual harness has to be measured on the application with all the hardware in place. It is critical that there be no strain or interference issues and that serviceability is planned for. This is often done in Microsoft Visio Professional 2013. Template included on the Visio link.

Typically you organize your wiring in an Excel Spreadsheet and, in calculating wire lengths, you have to add in extra lengths to account for concentric twisting, splices etc.

In the drawing above C2 ECU2 to the first Raychem boot is 6". In Excel you would list this length as 10" to connections made there. Downstream from this connection simply add up the breakpoint lengths and add another 4" to 6" depending on how far downstream you are going to allow for final termination.

Basic Visio Tutorial.


We basically skip Visio drawings and construct a detailed harness description in a CAD Program (above) which lists where things go. This puts everything on one sheet to avoid looking through various documents. Lots and lots of details like part numbers, wire sizes, terminals uses, crimping tools etc. are all listed in a comprehensive spreadsheet. Lengths between breakout points are measured in place using solid wire electrical cables (not string or rope) and wires are left long and, for the most part, are terminated in place on the vehicle.

Wires in the above harness are MIL-22759/16 in 14/16/18/20 and 22 gauge. Deutsch DTM Plugs and Receptacles use a mix or gold and nickel plated pins and sockets. Deutsch Autosport Connectors are used for the SQ6M ECU on this harness. Different wire colors prevent confusion. This particular harness has 75 outboard connectors. The SQ6M itself has 107 pins. In the case with splices we exit the SQ6M C1.C2,C3 plus splices totaling 125 wires.

There are a total of 83 Raychem boots in the harness. Every connector, pin, socket, wire etc is delineated in an Excel document

For planning purposes we determine which and how many wires exit the harness at each break point and also the diameter of the runs between the break points. Wire bundle diameter is important in choosing the correct diameter of DR-25 shrink tubing. You need to plan the number of layers in contra-twisting so the top layer is CCW.



We do complete documentation in Excel and Pages (Mac) and Word listing every component, pin, socket, splice points, Raychem boots, basic wire lengths etc. In addition, we make CAD drawings of all the splices as that gets a bit confusing.

We end up with a bunch of PDFs that we create from our CAD program that we can print out in large format (13 x 19) to clarify things as we go along.


We use 4' x 8' whiteboard to layout the wiring harness. We use 3/4" adhesive tie wrap pads, plastic tie wraps, Velcro, and white gaffers tape to hold the main harness and connector leads in place. The adhesive pads can be removed or relocated without damaging the boards surface. No need to replace the surface.


We twist the wires CW and CCW the best we can by the above format, but we always run into issues with 2-1 and 3-1 splices so we don't go the extra mile to put in dummy filler wires to get the 1-6-12-18 etc layers. We do the concentric twisting and secure the runs with Mil-T-43435B Lacing Cord. We label each wire with 1/8" yellow shrink tube covered by clear Raychem RT-375 clear shrink tubing.

We leave the exit branches about 4" longer than necessary and then trim the wires to length for the connector. You can slide the labels up and down the wire with a bit of force. Labels are necessary for us as we are constantly interrupted and brain fade sets in.

DR-25 1", 3/4", 1/2", 3/8". 1/4" and 1/8" is being used in this harness. Raychem 202A153, 202A142, 202A132 and 202A111 straight boots are being used with Resintech RT125 epoxy sealing the branches exiting the boots. Raychem ES2000-1, -2 and -3 tubing seals wires exiting the DR-25 on branch legs to sensors, circuit breakers, relays etc. Raychem ATUM is used to seal the back of connectors

Raychem DR-25 covers the main harness and the branches. Connectors are installed and sealed. Each branch is labeled with the connector number as well as the function. Kapton tape covers exposed wires before they have Raychem boots heat shrunk. In this application we have 49 outboard connectors to keep track of. Without documentation future issues as well as current assembly would be very difficult.


Labels on all connectors help keep track of things. Documentation is maintained on both the internal and external structure of the harness. Pectel SQ6M ECU.


Hi-Pot testing is used in aerospace and high-end motorsports wiring houses to verify wiring harness integrity. Any poor connection, nick in wiring insulation, or short can be isolated and fixed. Simple continuity checks are OK but are not foolproof. CH2 pictured above. A PDF lising costs for various cable testers.

The hipot test is a nondestructive test that determines the adequacy of electrical insulation for the normally occurring over voltage transient. This is a high-voltage test that is applied to all devices for a specific time in order to ensure that the insulation is not marginal. An explanation of Hi-Pot testing is offered by Cirris. Cirris CH2 pictured.


Hi-Pot CableEye testers from CAMI Research. PC based i.e. software driven Hi-Pot testing makes isolating things a lot easier.


The Bosch LSU-4.2 (left) or the NTK (right) wideband sensors are typically married with six position Deutsch DTM connectors. In that they are five wire sensors the sixth position uses a seal plug. LSU 4.9 is the newest version and is not compatible with 4.2 electronics. Wiring colors for the different sensors is as follows:

Bosch LSU-4.2 Typical DTM positions: DTM Terminal 1, Red Wire, WB_Pump; DTM Terminal 2, Black Wire, WB_Cell; DTM Terminal 3, Yellow Wire, WB_Com; DTM Terminal 4, White wire, WB_Htr-; DTM Terminal 5, Gray wire, WB Htr+; DTM Terminal 6, seal plug.

Bosch LSU-4.9 Typical DTM positions:DTM Terminal 1, Red Wire, Pumping Current; DTM Terminal 2, Yellow Wire, Virtual Ground; DTM Terminal 3, White, Heater Minus (H-); DTM Terminal 4, Grey wire, Heater VBat (H+); DTM Terminal 5, Green wire, Trim Current; DTM Terminal 6, Black Wire, Nernst Voltage. LSU-4.9 Data.

Interesting analysis of why Bosch Widebands fail.

NTK L1H1 Wire Colors: Yellow Wire: Heater -; Blue: Heater Wire +; Black: Signal Ground; Grey: Nernst Cell Voltage; White: Ion Pump Current.

NTK L2H2 Wire Colors (8 pin Sumitomo H90 Connector): Pin1: Blue Heater Wire +; Pin 2: Yellow: Heater Wire -; Pin 3: Rc (cal resistor); Pin 4: Rc 0V; Pin 5: NC; Pin 6: Grey Wire Vs; Pin 7: White Wire Ion Pump; Pin 8: Black Wire Sensor 0V.


L2H2 Cal Resistor shown above between pins 3-4 which is read by oem application or devices like Motec PLM. These are individual to each sensor. High end ecus like the Pectel SQ6M do not use a Cal Resistor. NTK sensors are extremely accurate at Lambda 1.0 (14.57 AFR) but should be custom calibrated between Lambda 0.75 (10.92 AFR) and Lambda 1.25 (18.21:1 AFR). Nitrogen gas can be used to test for Lambda 1.0 (14.57:1). Calibration data can be entered into your ecu. Free Air has 20.95% Oxygen with a Lambda 1.43 (20.80AFR).

In general NTK sensors are higher temperature rated. We use them pre-turbo with pressure compensation tables as under rich conditions they show richer under boost pressure and leaner in lean conditions under boost pressure. Pectel SQ6 / SQ6M controllers are designed for the NTK sensors. NTK sensors are tolerant of leaded fuels whereas Bosch LSU-4.9 are not. Connectors for the L2H2 LZA-09-E1 sensors are available from Ballenger Motorsports.

Another consideration is that the NTK sensors are about twice as fast as the Bosch 4.2 / 4.9 Sensors. No matter what anyone tells you the response times to correct injector output have a latency of 500Ms up to 980Ms which is why you do steady state step testing on a dyno. A fast dyno "sweep" can point out deficiencies but not exactly pinpoint them. The base mapping has to be correct.


Cut and remove connector with calibration resistor. Leave longer silicone heat sheath.


Cover wires with 1/4" DR-25  overlapping the long NTK silicone heat sheath. Heat shrink the DR-25 and seal both ends with 1" ES2000-1.


Heat shrink 11mm label and seal with RT375 clear. Slip over 1.5"ATUM 12-3. Strip wires, crimp pins or sockets and insert these in the connector. Filler wire with pin or socket for the unused pin 6. Heat shrink the ATUM 12-3. Slip 2" ATUM 24-6 over the sensor and heat shrink to the DTM six position connector.

When mounting the NGK/NTK wideband lambda sensor pre-turbo you need to create pressure compensation tables in your ECU. We made a Back pressure Lambda Calculator that shows how lambda reading are skewed under exhaust back pressure....Or simply change your aim.




New Bosch Lambda ADV Sensor for pre-turbo installation. Previous LSU 4.2 and 4.9 sensors could not be placed pre-turbo.



NTK L2H2 Test Stand for sensor linearization: Propane with a variable air bleed and three 18mm x 1.5 ports. Used for calibrating two NTK L2H2 Lambda meters against a known calibrated meter. Flowing Nitrogen gives Lambda 1.0 (14.57:1 AFR). Free Air at one end of the scale 100% propane on the other and propane/varying air mixtures for in-between.  We burn the propane as so as not to vent unburned propane.

Pectel SQ6M engine controllers have 33 points to linearize or calibrate for each of the two NTK sensors. The SQ6M has internal NTK amplifier and heater circuits, so no external devices are required. Alternatively you can purchase a $1,200.00 drum of test gasoline and a $1,200.00 bottle of Lambda  calibration gas to do your testing.

Keep in mind although NTK sensors are fas responding, around 1.3Ms, your fuel map must be correct as sensor latency in fast closed loop sweeps is an issue. Step tests on Dynamometers is recommended.

Pectel offers specifically calibrated five wire NTK "Band 10" wideband sensors for their engine control systems that come with Deutsch Autosport Connectors.



We use Hella or Bosch 30 Amp relays in our wiring harnesses. This is a pictorial reference as to how they work.



At the Bonneville Salt Flats the salt air and salt eats everything. Internal cavities in relays turn into green gardens. Starter relays and switches die sooner or later. Cadmium plated hardware corrodes quickly. Battery terminals and any metal exposed that isn't stainless or chrome plated begins its ugly descent to mother earth from whence it came.  Boeshield T-9 is the best thing we've found to protect metal surfaces. WD-40 seems to disappear after a time. This stuff stays.

Saltproofing USA Fluid sounds a bit like snake oil but it really works. Protects about everything including alternators, relays, switches, and electrical motors.



Motorsport Wire:

Raychem Spec 55 Wire (XLETFE Polymer) The standard for high end motorsports wiring.

Mil-STD-861 Color Codes For Mil-Spec Wiring. 100's of possible combinations. 10 basic colors are normally available. Adding one or more stripes differentiates things more.

Aircraft will typically use "white" only wire as will Formula1 and WRC cars. They will have 100% Hi-Pot testing of the harnesses. During the assembly they may place temporary tape tags on the wires and assemble them on a 1:1 layout board. Once sealed there are no "colors" visible anyway.  This does require planning and discipline.

It's a bit easier to keep track of things at the typical motorsport level using solid and striped wires. However, there are no conventions for this.

A Harley-Davidson wiring harness can have 80 or more different color coded wires to aid in servicing. They publish the color-coded wiring harness diagrams.

Master Catalog Raychem Heatshrink Products:

Raychem Heatshrink Products Covers everything including tubing, all molded shapes (with dimensions), tools, and materials

Wire Covering:

DR-25 Heat Shrink Used to cover XLETFE wires in wiring harnesses. Has a 2-1 shrink ratio. Single Wall. Motorsports std. Yellow or White Lettering. Available from Prowire USA.

DSG-Canusa Deray V25 a less expensive alternative to DR-25

Raychem RT-375 Clear heat shrink tubing. Use to cover your yellow/black wire heat shrink labels. Available by the foot from Prowire USA.

Kynar Clear Heat Shrink Tubing to cover wire and cable heat shrink labels.

Adhesive-Lined Shrink Tubing:

Raychem ES2000 Adhesive heat shrink. Semi Rigid 4-1 shrink ratio. Sealing wire transitions. Strain relief.

Tyco_RBK_Dual Wall Adhesive heat shrink. Used to seal wire transitions and connectors. Less flexible than ATUM. Strain relief.

Raychem SCL Heat Shrink Used to seal shapes like switches and relays in lieu of specific "boot". Adhesive lined. 2.5:1 shrink ratio. Available in 4 foot lengths from  Prowire USA.


Tyco ATUM_semi-flexible Adhesive-lined heat shrink. Sealing Boots and transitions and shapes. 3-1 and 4-1 shrink ratio available. Here a three wire Cherry Hall Sensor has 1/4"DR-25, Resintech RT125 epoxy sealing the DR-25 ends, and 16mm ATUM semi-flexible adhesive shrunk to the assembly. Available in 4 foot lengths from  Prowire USA. Last digit is Color Code. Black is "0" (Zero).

3-1 Shrink Ratio	4-1 Shrink Ratio
ATUM-3/1-0	ATUM-4/1-0
ATUM-6/2-0	ATUM-8/2-0
ATUM-9/3-0	ATUM-12/3-0
ATUM-12/4-0	ATUM-16/4-0
ATUM-19/6-0	ATUM-24/6-0
ATUM-24/8-0	ATUM-32/8-0
ATUM-40/13-0	ATUM-52/13-0

DSG-Canusa CDR Adhesive lined shrink tube. 4:1 shrink ratio. Semi-rigid. More rigid than Tyco ATUM. Splice covering.

DSG-Canusa CPA Adhesive lined shrink tube. 3:1 shrink ratio. Connector sealing.

Molded Parts:

Raychem Heatshrink Products Covers everything including tubing, all molded shapes (with dimensions), tools, and materials

Raychem Molded Parts Heat Shrinkable, adhesive or non-adhesive lined, for wiring harness transitions and connectors.

Hellermann-Tyton Molded Shapes, Heat shrinkable up to 5-1 ratio shapes for transition and connector sealing.

Resintech RT125 Wiring Harness Epoxy.

Molded Parts (Boots) Cross Reference Raychem, Hellermann-Tyton etc.


Wire Stripping:

Tyco Wire Stripping Guide

Teledyne Stripall Thermal Stripper

Ideal Wire Processing (Stripper) Catalog

Motorsport Connectors:

Deutsch Autosport (connectors) Catalog

Deutsch DTM Series Connectors (thermoplastic)

Sureseal Rubber Connector

Souriau Equivalent parts to Deutsch Autosport

Delphi Metri-Pack GT150 Connectors used for various sensors like Cherry Hall etc. (See Page 22: Pull to seat)

Circuit Breakers:

ETA 483 Circuit Breaker

Tyco W23 Circuit Breaker

Klixon 2TC14 Circuit Breaker

Bussman 227 Manual Reset ATC

Standards:

NAVAIR Aircraft Electrical and Electronic Wiring (Over 1000 pages) 12.8 Mb. Lots of mil-spec reference #'s, data and techniques.

Wire Harness Lacing Techniques

NASA wiring and Harness Standards

NASA Pictorial Standards

IP Protection Ratings Chart Explains "IP" or Ingress Protection ratings of connectors from water, dust, etc..Not a military specification.


In WWII we were cranking out bombers and fighter aircraft faster than they could be shot down. Extremely high crew losses were backed up by a system of production and training not seen since. Women were a major part of the work force and kicked butt. After the war their jobs were taken away from them. There went 50% of the talent.


Production and aerospace wiring harness construction is still largely done by women whether in the USA or elsewhere. Seems to be an ego deal in motorsports for males to twist and glue motorsport harnesses....probably Instragram wiring photos aren't part of the Defense contractor routines. Would you have the patience?


Renvale Ltd. (Formerly Tony James Wiring) in the United Kingdom is a specialist in high end motorsports wiring. This is a video of their work for the now defunct USA F1 Team. Let's hope they got paid. HAAS is up and running these days. Renvale does the current HAAS as well as Ferrari F1 wiring.



Here we have an 88-way Cosworth Pectel SQ6 connector with service loops twisted just before the connector sockets. Follow the construction of a Cosworth Pectel SQ6 Wiring Harness.

It requires a lot of money, time and supplies. In this case all the wires are all white in color...This makes servicing things down the road as well as construction much more difficult. If you label each wire and use colors codes it's easier.

An excellent source for your wiring supplies for you go it alone types is ProwireUSA as they stock about everything you need and sell in small quantities. It a good place to pick up your MIL-W-22759/32 wire and supplies. They have 140 Mil-Spec wire color combinations in stock. Quick service and excellent prices.


The simple fact is that a professional motorsports wiring harness costs a lot of money. Unless it is some kind of production item, which it never is, these are going to be expensive whether you like it or not and a rule of thumb is that it is going to cost as much as your engine controller of choice and almost certainly likely more. One of the people we know typically spends about 200 man hours designing and fabricating a custom wiring harness. If you were a lawyer that would be about $70,000.00 billable hours...Low end shop rate for a mechanic is about $50.00 per hour...that's $10,000.00.

Even at a proposed minimum wage of $15.00 per hour the labor alone for a 200 hour plan and build would be $3,000.00 not including parts. Sort of depends on what you think your ass is worth after years and years of experience. Do you work for minimum wage? Do you expect your harness supplier to? Instagram photos and glory does not pay the bills, nor does a pat on the back. Hobby versus business, the eternal struggle.

To wire a complete race car i.e. something way short of F1, WEC, or WRC complexity, can take up to 400 man hours in planning and execution.

There are multiple issues in this "Time Business":
1. First: There is the planning and documentation in Excel, Visio, and other supporting CAD software. Several weeks of work verifying all components, pins, sockets, boots wiring etc not to mention connection logic.
2. Second: There is the ordering and or stocking of all the parts.
3. Thirdly: Then there is the actual execution of the harness... 100 to 200 man hours.
4. Lastly: There is the testing and verification of the harness...hipot or simple continuity checks and or complete simulation in a specific test rig.

What can you expect to pay? Well for a garden variety Mil-Spec sealed harness that is a semi-production item by some experienced specialist figure $3,000.00 minimum. Normal costs are in the $4,000.00 to $6,000.00 range. For more complex harnesses involving firewall bulkhead connectors and multiple sub-harnesses figure $8,000.00 and up...An experienced specialist who has everything in stock and is efficient in his / her production methods might complete a complex harness in 150 hours. Complete vehicle wiring...$25,000.00 and up depending on the complexity. F1, WEC,WRC... don't ask.

A person we know used to wire high end off the road racing vehicles where the total wiring bill was often North of $25,000.00 for parts and labor and he did not want to do it anymore as it was tough getting paid for the work, not to mention all the travel and fighting clients. He cut back on that work and just sells parts these days and deals with clients who he can bill and get paid.

It's the old adage "Time is Money". Add up all the hours in planning, ordering and stocking parts, buying tooling, plus the actual fabrication and write yourself a fat check...Or let someone else do it. Letting someone else do it implies there is a solid design template or that person is going to have access to the project where it can be planned and executed in place. Travel expenses may be involved as remote designing is a bit of a risk.  Sometimes it's best to pay and get on with your life.

We do our own harnesses and have for over 30 years as we have our projects in-house and don't like running around...and these days life is a lot more complicated. Time is money as they say. When it's your time and money people don't care and have little appreciation for the effort involved. Been there as they say.



Sakata Motorsport (1-714-446-9473 1241 N. Patt St., Anaheim, CA, 92801)has been making Mil-Spec Motorsports wiring harnesses on a contract basis for a long time. There are many others but you can research these out. Professional Motec Tuners like Shane Tecklenburg , Greg Pyles , Electron Speed , Racegrade (Motec East/West), and  Race-Spec,  have solid reputations and are well versed in harness construction. UK/USA based dce builds the highest quality harnesses. The new firm of Zac Perkins and Tim Whitteridge (tim@motorsportselectronics.com) at Motorsportselectronics does excellent wiring, ecu calibration and systems integration work with Motec and Pectel systems.


Jeremy Gibson at Indy Wiring Services LLC does the highest level of motorsport wiring and provides full documentation and Cirris Hi-Pot testing of every harness. Jeremy can be reached by phone at 1 (317) 371-7044 and by e-mail at jeremy@indywiring.net.  Jeremy provides Formula 1 level quality and adheres to all current Mil-Spec testing standards and specifcations.

He is familiar with the wiring requirements for the Cosworth Pectel SQ6, SQ6M and MQ12 series of engine controllers as well as Bosch Motorsport controllers. Jeremy does Indy Car, NASCAR as well as complete harness construction for club racing. Jeremy did harness design,  construction, and repair for Cosworth/Pi Research/Pectel for 9+ years. He has more than 20 years experience in motorsports wiring. Nissan LMP1 above work by Indy Wiring Services LLC

 Jeremy gave an interesting interview  about motorsports wiring and his 20 year history in motorsports.


For higher end electronics you can, after the all the wiring is done, figure on around $1,200.00 per day on site tuning support.... Plus expenses of course.

We once built a new harness for a long term racing project, ready for installation. Due to unrealistic attitudes and unappreciative recipients we simply cut up the harness and saved the connectors. Expensive 200 hour lesson.